南极GRV 98003和其它3个铁陨石的化学组成及分类          下载免费PDF全文

王道德  林杨挺 《极地研究》2004,16(2):81-90

用仪器中子活化测定了从南极回收的GRV98003铁陨石和乌珠穆沁铁陨石Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Ge,As,Sb,W,Re,Ir,Pt及Au的浓度。根据化学组成,重新对这两个未分群的铁陨石进行了分类工作,其中将GRV98003铁陨石划分为IAB群,乌珠穆沁铁陨石划分为与IAB群相关的单独铁陨石。GRV98003铁陨石的元素丰度模式、元素对相关性(如NiAu,CoAu,AsAu,WAu,CuAu,SbAu)等与NWA468铁陨石(IAB)相似,但前者具有明显的难熔亲铁元素(Re,Ir)和中等挥发性元素(Ga,Ge)的贫化。此外,本文还对南丹铁陨石(IIICD)和邕宁铁陨石(IA)的化学群重新进行了讨论,提出将前者划分为IAB复合群的主群,而将后者划分为与IAB复合群相关的单独铁陨石的新观点。  相似文献   

天然高压矿物研究的新进展及其在地幔矿物学中的意义   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈鸣  谢先德 《高校地质学报》2000,6(2):121-125

对地表陨石坑岩石和陨石的冲击变质效应的研究, 是以往发现天然高压矿物的主要途径。α-PbO2 超斯石英、(Na,K,Ca)AlSi3O8-锰钡矿以及磷灰石高压同质多像变体等是几个近期在陨石中发现的天然高压相,这些高压相很可能存在于地幔之中。天然高压矿物的发现对地幔矿物学研究和发展起了推动作用。  相似文献   

Chemical characteristics of the crater lakes of Popocatetetl, El Chichon, and Nevado de Toluca volcanoes, Mexico     

M. A. Armienta  S. De la Cruz-Reyna  J. L. Macías 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

Three crater lakes from Mexican volcanoes were sampled and analyzed at various dates to determine their chemical characteristics. Strong differences were observed in the chemistry among the three lakes: Nevado de Toluca, considered as dormant, El Chichón at a post-eruptive stage, and Popocatépetl at a pre-eruptive stage. Not surprisingly, no influence of volcanic activity was found at the Nevado de Toluca volcano, while the other volcanoes showed a correlation between the changing level of activity and the evolution of chemical trends. Low pHs (<3.0) were measured in the water from the active volcanoes, while a pH of 5.6 was measured at the Nevado de Toluca Sun lake. Changes with time were observed at Popocatépetl and El Chichón. Concentrations of volcanic-gas derived species like Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and F⁻ decreased irregularly at El Chichón from 1983 until 1997. Major cations concentrations also diminished at El Chichón. A 100% increase in the SO₄²⁻ content was measured at Popocatépetl between 1985 and 1994. An increase in the Mg/Cl ratio between 1992 (Mg/Cl=0.085) and 1994 (Mg/Cl=0.177) was observed at Popocatépetl, before the disappearance of the crater lake in 1994. It is concluded that chemical analysis of crater lakes may provide a useful additional tool for active-volcano monitoring.  相似文献   

The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater     

L. G. Mastin  J. B. Witter 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

Eruptions through crater lakes or shallow seawater, referred to here as subaqueous eruptions, present hazards from hydromagmatic explosions, such as base surges, lahars, and tsunamis, which may not exist at volcanoes on dry land. We have systematically compiled information from eruptions through surface water in order to understand the circumstances under which these hazards occur and what disastrous effects they have caused in the past. Subaqueous eruptions represent only 8% of all recorded eruptions but have produced about 20% of all fatalities associated with volcanic activity in historical time. Excluding eruptions that have resulted in about a hundred deaths or less, lahars have killed people in the largest number of historical subaqueous eruptions (8), followed by pyroclastic flows (excluding base surges; 5) tsunamis (4), and base surges (2). Subaqueous eruptions have produced lahars primarily on high (>1000 m), steep-sided volcanoes containing small (<1 km diameter) crater lakes. Tsunamis and other water waves have caused death or destroyed man-made structures only at submarine volcanoes and at Lake Taal in the Philippines. In spite of evidence that magma–water mixing makes eruptions more explosive, such explosions and their associated base surges have caused fewer deaths, and have been implicated in fewer eruptions involving large numbers of fatalities than lahars and tsunamis. The latter hazards are more deadly because they travel much farther from a volcano and inundate coastal areas and stream valleys that tend to be densely settled.  相似文献   

陨石中的太阳系外物质及其同位素异常     

林杨挺  王世杰 《矿物学报》2000,20(1):1-8

到目前为止从陨石中分离出的太阳系外物质有金刚石、碳化硅、石墨、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４、刚玉及尖晶石等。除金刚石为纳米级大小外,其他为微米和次微米级颗粒。这些太阳系外物质主要存在于原始的球粒陨石的基质中,并通过化学分离的方法获得。金刚石携带分别由ｐ－过程和ｒ－过程产生的Ｘｅ同位素组分（Ｘｅ－ＨＬ）,其源区可能提超新星。绝大部分碳化硅相对于太阳系物质富＾２９．３０Ｓｉ和＾１３Ｃ,贫＾１５Ｎ,并携带ｓ－过程产生的各  相似文献   

Water chemistry of Lake Quilotoa (Ecuador) and assessment of natural hazards     

E. Aguilera  G. Chiodini  R. Cioni  M. Guidi  L. Marini  B. Raco 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

A geochemical survey carried out in November 1993 revealed that Lake Quilotoa was composed by a thin (14 m) oxic epilimnion overlying a 200 m-thick anoxic hypolimnion. Dissolved CO₂ concentrations reached 1000 mg/kg in the lower stratum. Loss of CO₂ from epilimnetic waters, followed by calcite precipitation and a consequent lowering in density, was the apparent cause of the stratification.The Cl, SO₄ and HCO₃ contents of Lake Quilotoa are intermediate between those of acid–SO₄–Cl Crater lakes and those of neutral-HCO₃ Crater lakes, indicating that Lake Quilotoa has a ‘memory’ of the inflow and absorption of HC1- and S-bearing volcanic (magmatic) gases. The Mg/Ca ratios of the lake waters are governed by dissolution of local volcanic rocks or magmas, but K/Na ratios were likely modified by precipitation of alunite, a typical mineral in acid–SO₄–Cl Crater lakes.The constant concentrations of several conservative chemical species from lake surface to lake bottom suggest that physical, chemical and biological processes did not have enough time, after the last overturn, to cause significant changes in the contents of these chemical species. This lapse of time might be relatively large, but it cannot be established on the basis of available data. Besides, the lake may not be close to steady state. Mixing of Lake Quilotoa waters could presently be triggered by either cooling epilimnetic waters by 4°C or providing heat to hypolimnetic waters or by seismic activity.Although Quilotoa lake contains a huge amount of dissolved CO₂ (3×10¹¹ g), at present the risk of a dangerous limnic eruption seems to be nil even though some gas exsolution might occur if deep lake waters were brought to the surface. Carbon dioxide could build up to higher levels in deep waters than at present without any volcanic re-awakening, due to either a large inflow of relatively cool CO₂-rich gases, or possibly a long interval between overturns. Periodical geochemical surveys of Lake Quilotoa are, therefore, recommended.  相似文献   

Analytical laboratory comparison of major and minor constituents in an active crater lake     

B. Takano  S. M. Fazlullin  P. Delmelle 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

The crater lake water from Maly Semiachik volcano in Kamchatka was used for the international analytical laboratory comparison of major and minor elements, and hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen isotope data. Eight institutions participated in this program, giving analytical results of 9 major and 20 minor elements mainly by using ICP-AES for cations and IC for anions. Among the major elements, Na, Mg and Si showed coefficients of variation (CV) of 10% or more, whereas B, Al, Fe, Mn had coefficients less than 7%. The CV% of the minor elements Co, Cu, P, Cr, Pb was much greater (>30%) while the V analyses agreed well (<10%). Ti, Sr, Zn, and F were intermediate (between 10 and 20 CV%). The errors observed for these constituents are inherent to the methods applied: large dilutions and spectrometric interferences. Even the major anions such as Cl (>2000 ppm) and SO₄ (>5000 ppm) gave considerable ranges (5.1 and 8.8 CV%, respectively) as did the obtained pH values (22 CV%). The measured δ¹⁸O of the water samples and δ³⁴S of sulfate are in excellent agreement but the δD values had CV% of 8. Technical recommendations are presented to improve the analytical results for these elements with significant deviations from the mean values.  相似文献   

Yucatán karst features and the size of Chicxulub crater     

Martin Connors  Alan R. Hildebrand  Mark Pilkington  Carlos Ortiz-Aleman  Rene E. Chavez  Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi  Eduardo Graniel-Castro  Alfredo Camara-Zi  Juan Vasquez  John F. Halpenny 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,127(3):F11-F14

The buried Chicxulub impact structure is marked by a dramatic ring of sinkholes (called cenotes if containing water), and adjacent less prominent partial rings, which have been shown to coincide with maxima in horizontal gravity gradients and a topographic depression. These observations, along with the discreteness and spacing of the features, suggest a formation mechanism involving faulting in the outer slump zone of the crater, which would thus have a diameter of approximately 180 km.
An opposing view, based primarily on the interpretation of gravity data, is that (he crater is much larger than the cenote ring implies. Given the association of the known cenote ring with faults, we here examine northern Yucatan for similar rings in gravity, surface features and elevation, which we might expect to be associated with outer concentric faults in the case of a larger, possibly multiring, structure.
No such outer rings have been found, although definite patterns are seen in the distribution of karst features outside the crater rim. We explain these patterns as resulting mainly from deformation related to the block fault zone that parallels tbe shelf edge of eastern Yucatan.  相似文献   

Yaxcopoil-1 and the Chicxulub impact     

Wolfgang?StinnesbeckEmail author  Gerta?Keller  Thierry?Adatte  Markus?Harting  Doris?Stüben  Georg?Istrate  Utz?Kramar 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2004,93(6):1042-1065

CSDP core Yaxcopoil-1 was drilled to a depth of 1,511 m within the Chicxulub crater. An organic-rich marly limestone near the base of the hole (1,495 to 1,452 m) was deposited in an open marine shelf environment during the latest Cenomanian (uppermost Rotalipora cushmani zone). The overlying sequence of limestones, dolomites and anhydrites (1,495 to 894 m) indicates deposition in various carbonate platform environments (e.g., sabkhas, lagoons). A 100-m-thick suevite breccia (894–794 m) identifies the Chicxulub impact event. Above the suevite breccia is a dolomitic limestone with planktic foraminiferal assemblages indicative of Plummerita hantkeninoides zone CF1, which spans the last 300 ky of the Maastrichtian. An erosional surface 50 cm above the breccia/dolomite contact marks the K/T boundary and a hiatus. Limestones above this contact contain the first Tertiary planktic foraminifera indicative of an upper P. eugubina zone P1a(2) age. Another hiatus 7 cm upsection separates zone P1a(2) and hemipelagic limestones of planktic foraminiferal Zone P1c. Planktic foraminiferal assemblages of Zone Plc to P3b age are present from a depth of 794.04 up to 775 m. The Cretaceous carbonate sequence appears to be autochthonous, with a stratigraphic sequence comparable to late Cretaceous sediments known from outside the Chicxulub crater in northern and southern Yucatan, including the late Cenomanian organic-rich marly limestone. There is no evidence that these sediments represent crater infill due to megablocks sliding into the crater, such as major disruption of sediments, chaotic changes in lithology, overturned or deep dipping megablocks, major mechanical fragmentation, shock or thermal alteration, or ductile deformation. Breccia units that are intercalated in the carbonate platform sequence are intraformational in origin (e.g., dissolution of evaporites) and dykes are rare. Major disturbances of strata by the impact therefore appear to have been confined to within less than 60 km from the proposed impact center. Yaxcopoil-1 may be located outside the collapsed transient crater cavity, either on the upper end of an elevated and tilted horst of the terrace zone, or even outside the annular crater cavity. The Chicxulub site thus records a large impact that predates the K/T boundary impact and mass extinction.  相似文献   

Ca, Al-rich inclusions in Yamato 791717 (CO3) carbonaceous chondrite: Formation and alteration     

Yangting Lin  Daode Wang  Makoto Kimura 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1998,41(5):513-521

In three polished thin sections of Yamato 791717 (CO3). fifty-five Ca, Al-rich inclusions were found, which include two hibonite-bearing, eight melilite-rich and forty-five spinel-pyroxene inclusions. Based on the petrography and mineral chemistry of the inclusions, it is proposed that the melilite-rich inclusions and spinel-pyroxene inclusions condensed in the solar nebula, and the hibonite-bearing inclusions crystallized from melts. The heavy alteration of the inclusions in Yamato 791717, which probably took place under a very oxidizing condition in the solar nebular, is also confirmed. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49673200). and by the Japanese Society for Promotion of Sciences (JSPS).  相似文献